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Class 10 History Chapter 1 -The Rise of nationalism in Europe - Questions Answers PDF|
Write in Brief :-
1. Write a Note on:
A) Giuseppe Mazzini
B) Count Camillo de Cavour
C) The Greek war of independence
D) Frankfurt Parliament
E) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answers:
A) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary,
born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in
Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and
‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland,
France, Italy and the German States.
B) Count Camilo de Cavour: Cavour was chief misnister of
Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He
was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and
educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did
Italian. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped
Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859, and thereby free the
northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
C) The Greek War of Independence: This was a successful war of
independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the
Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while
poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation.
Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an
independent nation.
D) The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly
formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans
belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, 1848 in
the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a
constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a
parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military.
Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base.
In the end, it was forced to disband on 31 May, 1849.
E) The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of
extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal
movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the
years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and
taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were
denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt
Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as
observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
The rise of nationalism in europe class 10 pdf | chapter 1 history class 10 notes |
2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to
create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer: The French revolutionaries took many important steps to
create a sense of collective identity among the French people which were:
• Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasising
the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
• A new French flag, a tricolour replaced the royal standard.
• The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by
a group of active citizens.
• New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
• A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation.
• Discouraging regional dialects and promoting French as a common language of
the nation.
3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in
which they were portrayed?
Answer: Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the
French and the German nation. They stood as personifications of ideals like
'liberty' and 'the republic'. The importance of the way in which they were
portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic
meaning, and this would instil a sense of national unity in them.
4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer: In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of
the middle-class Germans. They united in 1848 to create a nationstate out of
the numerous German States. But the monarchy and the military got together to
repress them and they gained support from the landowners of Prussia (the
Junkers) too. Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement.
Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with
support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy. The unification process
was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over
seven years time. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed
the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more
efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer: Napoleon introduced following changes to make the administrative
system more efficient in the areas ruled by him:
• He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It
did away with
all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured
the right to property.
• He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, and
freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
• In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication
systems were improved.
• Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found
freedom.
The rise of nationalism in europe class 10 questions and answers | class 10 history chapter 1 ncert solutions pdf |
Answer: The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national
movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the
poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in
countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848
led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy,
Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle
classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states
based on parliamentary principles.The political, social and economic ideas
supported by the liberals were:
• Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification,
nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
• Socially, They wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and
birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.
• Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property.
Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.
2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth
of nationalism in Europe.
Answer: Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth
of nationalism in Europe were:
• Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing
national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The
Romantic artists' emphasis on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings gave
shape and expression to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in
promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets
and artists in mobilising public opinion to support the Greeks in their
struggle to establish their national identity.
• Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularising the spirit of
nationalism and patriotic fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the
different forms of folk culture was important for building a national
consciousness. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture
enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse
audience. The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the
Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances
like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
• Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist
feelings in Europe. An example of this is how during Russian occupation, the
use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian
dominance. During this period, Polish language was forced out of schools and
Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed
rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland
began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by
refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and
religious instruction. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the
language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity>
3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over
the nineteenth century.
Answer: The development of the German and Italian nation states in the
nineteenth century
• Political fragmentation: Till the middle of the nineteenth
century, the present-day nations of Germany and Italy were fragmented into
separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely houses.
• Revolutionary uprisings: Nineteenth-century Europe was
characterised by both popular uprisings of the masses and revolutions led by
the educated, liberal middle classes. The middle classes belonging to the
different German regions came together to form an all-German National Assembly
in 1848. However, on facing opposition from the aristocracy and military, and
on losing its mass support base, it was forced to disband. In the Italian
region, during the 1830s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini sought to
establish a unitary Italian Republic. However, the revolutionary uprisings of
1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy.
• Unification with the help of the army: After the failure of
the revolutions, the process of German and Italian unification was continued by
the aristocracy and the army. Germany was united by the Prussian chief minister
Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. The
German empire was proclaimed in 1871. The Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont
played a role similar to that played by Prussia. Count Camillo de Cavour (the
Chief Minister) led the movement to unite the separate states of
nineteenth-century Italy with the help of the army and an alliance with France.
The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts joined with the
northern regions to form a united Italy. The italian nation was proclaimed in
1861. The papal states joined in 1870.
4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer: The history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe
because:
• In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a
sudden upheaval or revolution.
• The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles
were ethnic ones - such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the
formation of the 'United Kingdom of GreatBritian' meant that England was able
to impose its influence on Scotland. Scotland's distinctive culture and
political institutions were systematically suppressed.
• The Scottish highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language
or wear their national dress and large numbers were forcibly driven out of
their homeland.
• The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their
dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British
dominance were suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United
Kingdom in 1801.
• The symbols of the new Britain - the British flag, the national anthem,
the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only
as subordinate partners in this union.
5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
*****
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